Last update May 14, 2003
Differing D implementations, however, are free to innovate upon the memory model, function call/return conventions, argument passing conventions, etc.
This document describes the x86 implementation of the inline assembler.
AsmInstruction: Identifier : AsmInstruction align IntegerExpression even naked db Operands ds Operands di Operands dl Operands df Operands dd Operands de Operands Opcode Opcode Operands Operands Operand Operand , Operands
void *pc; asm { call L1 ; L1: ; pop EBX ; mov pc[EBP],EBX ; // pc now points to code at L1 }
Aligning the start of a loop body can sometimes have a dramatic effect on the execution speed.
asm { db 5,6,0x83; // insert bytes 0x05, 0x06, and 0x83 into code ds 0x1234; // insert bytes 0x34, 0x12 di 0x1234; // insert bytes 0x34, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00 dl 0x1234; // insert bytes 0x34, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 df 1.234; // insert float 1.234 dd 1.234; // insert double 1.234 de 1.234; // insert extended 1.234 db "abc"; // insert bytes 0x61, 0x62, and 0x63 ds "abc"; // insert bytes 0x61, 0x00, 0x62, 0x00, 0x63, 0x00 }
The following registers are supported. Register names are always in upper case.
asm { rep ; movsb ; }
{ rep ; nop ; }which produces the same result.
fdiv ST(1); // wrong fmul ST; // wrong fdiv ST,ST(1); // right fmul ST,ST(0); // right
Operand: AsmExp AsmExp: AsmLogOrExp AsmLogOrExp ? AsmExp : AsmExp AsmLogOrExp: AsmLogAndExp AsmLogAndExp || AsmLogAndExp AsmLogAndExp: AsmOrExp AsmOrExp && AsmOrExp AsmOrExp: AsmXorExp AsmXorExp | AsmXorExp AsmXorExp: AsmAndExp AsmAndExp ^ AsmAndExp AsmAndExp: AsmEqualExp AsmEqualExp & AsmEqualExp AsmEqualExp: AsmRelExp AsmRelExp == AsmRelExp AsmRelExp != AsmRelExp AsmRelExp: AsmShiftExp AsmShiftExp < AsmShiftExp AsmShiftExp <= AsmShiftExp AsmShiftExp > AsmShiftExp AsmShiftExp >= AsmShiftExp AsmShiftExp: AsmAddExp AsmAddExp << AsmAddExp AsmAddExp >> AsmAddExp AsmAddExp >>> AsmAddExp AsmAddExp: AsmMulExp AsmMulExp + AsmMulExp AsmMulExp - AsmMulExp AsmMulExp: AsmBrExp AsmBrExp * AsmBrExp AsmBrExp / AsmBrExp AsmBrExp % AsmBrExp AsmBrExp: AsmUnaExp AsmBrExp [ AsmExp ] AsmUnaExp: AsmTypePrefix AsmExp offset AsmExp seg AsmExp + AsmUnaExp - AsmUnaExp ! AsmUnaExp ~ AsmUnaExp AsmPrimaryExp AsmPrimaryExp IntegerConstant FloatConstant __LOCAL_SIZE $ Register DotIdentifier DotIdentifier Identifier Identifier . DotIdentifierThe operand syntax more or less follows the Intel CPU documentation conventions. In particular, the convention is that for two operand instructions the source is the right operand and the destination is the left operand. The syntax differs from that of Intel's in order to be compatible with the D language tokenizer and to simplify parsing.
AsmTypePrefix: near ptr far ptr byte ptr short ptr int ptr word ptr dword ptr float ptr double ptr extended ptrIn cases where the operand size is ambiguous, as in:
add [EAX],3 ;it can be disambiguated by using an AsmTypePrefix:
add byte ptr [EAX],3 ; add int ptr [EAX],7 ;
struct Foo { int a,b,c; } int bar(Foo *f) { asm { mov EBX,f ; mov EAX,Foo.b[EBX] ; } }
jmp $ ;branches to the instruction following the jmp instruction.
aaa | aad | aam | aas | adc |
add | addpd | addps | addsd | addss |
and | andnpd | andnps | andpd | andps |
arpl | bound | bsf | bsr | bswap |
bt | btc | btr | bts | call |
cbw | cdq | clc | cld | clflush |
cli | clts | cmc | cmova | cmovae |
cmovb | cmovbe | cmovc | cmove | cmovg |
cmovge | cmovl | cmovle | cmovna | cmovnae |
cmovnb | cmovnbe | cmovnc | cmovne | cmovng |
cmovnge | cmovnl | cmovnle | cmovno | cmovnp |
cmovns | cmovnz | cmovo | cmovp | cmovpe |
cmovpo | cmovs | cmovz | cmp | cmppd |
cmpps | cmps | cmpsb | cmpsd | cmpss |
cmpsw | cmpxch8b | cmpxchg | comisd | comiss |
cpuid | cvtdq2pd | cvtdq2ps | cvtpd2dq | cvtpd2pi |
cvtpd2ps | cvtpi2pd | cvtpi2ps | cvtps2dq | cvtps2pd |
cvtps2pi | cvtsd2si | cvtsd2ss | cvtsi2sd | cvtsi2ss |
cvtss2sd | cvtss2si | cvttpd2dq | cvttpd2pi | cvttps2dq |
cvttps2pi | cvttsd2si | cvttss2si | cwd | cwde |
da | daa | das | db | dd |
de | dec | df | di | div |
divpd | divps | divsd | divss | dl |
dq | ds | dt | dw | emms |
enter | f2xm1 | fabs | fadd | faddp |
fbld | fbstp | fchs | fclex | fcmovb |
fcmovbe | fcmove | fcmovnb | fcmovnbe | fcmovne |
fcmovnu | fcmovu | fcom | fcomi | fcomip |
fcomp | fcompp | fcos | fdecstp | fdisi |
fdiv | fdivp | fdivr | fdivrp | feni |
ffree | fiadd | ficom | ficomp | fidiv |
fidivr | fild | fimul | fincstp | finit |
fist | fistp | fisub | fisubr | fld |
fld1 | fldcw | fldenv | fldl2e | fldl2t |
fldlg2 | fldln2 | fldpi | fldz | fmul |
fmulp | fnclex | fndisi | fneni | fninit |
fnop | fnsave | fnstcw | fnstenv | fnstsw |
fpatan | fprem | fprem1 | fptan | frndint |
frstor | fsave | fscale | fsetpm | fsin |
fsincos | fsqrt | fst | fstcw | fstenv |
fstp | fstsw | fsub | fsubp | fsubr |
fsubrp | ftst | fucom | fucomi | fucomip |
fucomp | fucompp | fwait | fxam | fxch |
fxrstor | fxsave | fxtract | fyl2x | fyl2xp1 |
hlt | idiv | imul | in | inc |
ins | insb | insd | insw | int |
into | invd | invlpg | iret | iretd |
ja | jae | jb | jbe | jc |
jcxz | je | jecxz | jg | jge |
jl | jle | jmp | jna | jnae |
jnb | jnbe | jnc | jne | jng |
jnge | jnl | jnle | jno | jnp |
jns | jnz | jo | jp | jpe |
jpo | js | jz | lahf | lar |
ldmxcsr | lds | lea | leave | les |
lfence | lfs | lgdt | lgs | lidt |
lldt | lmsw | lock | lods | lodsb |
lodsd | lodsw | loop | loope | loopne |
loopnz | loopz | lsl | lss | ltr |
maskmovdqu | maskmovq | maxpd | maxps | maxsd |
maxss | mfence | minpd | minps | minsd |
minss | mov | movapd | movaps | movd |
movdq2q | movdqa | movdqu | movhlps | movhpd |
movhps | movlhps | movlpd | movlps | movmskpd |
movmskps | movntdq | movnti | movntpd | movntps |
movntq | movq | movq2dq | movs | movsb |
movsd | movss | movsw | movsx | movupd |
movups | movzx | mul | mulpd | mulps |
mulsd | mulss | neg | nop | not |
or | orpd | orps | out | outs |
outsb | outsd | outsw | packssdw | packsswb |
packuswb | paddb | paddd | paddq | paddsb |
paddsw | paddusb | paddusw | paddw | pand |
pandn | pavgb | pavgw | pcmpeqb | pcmpeqd |
pcmpeqw | pcmpgtb | pcmpgtd | pcmpgtw | pextrw |
pinsrw | pmaddwd | pmaxsw | pmaxub | pminsw |
pminub | pmovmskb | pmulhuw | pmulhw | pmullw |
pmuludq | pop | popa | popad | popf |
popfd | por | prefetchnta | prefetcht0 | prefetcht1 |
prefetcht2 | psadbw | pshufd | pshufhw | pshuflw |
pshufw | pslld | pslldq | psllq | psllw |
psrad | psraw | psrld | psrldq | psrlq |
psrlw | psubb | psubd | psubq | psubsb |
psubsw | psubusb | psubusw | psubw | punpckhbw |
punpckhdq | punpckhqdq | punpckhwd | punpcklbw | punpckldq |
punpcklqdq | punpcklwd | push | pusha | pushad |
pushf | pushfd | pxor | rcl | rcpps |
rcpss | rcr | rdmsr | rdpmc | rdtsc |
rep | repe | repne | repnz | repz |
ret | retf | rol | ror | rsm |
rsqrtps | rsqrtss | sahf | sal | sar |
sbb | scas | scasb | scasd | scasw |
seta | setae | setb | setbe | setc |
sete | setg | setge | setl | setle |
setna | setnae | setnb | setnbe | setnc |
setne | setng | setnge | setnl | setnle |
setno | setnp | setns | setnz | seto |
setp | setpe | setpo | sets | setz |
sfence | sgdt | shl | shld | shr |
shrd | shufpd | shufps | sidt | sldt |
smsw | sqrtpd | sqrtps | sqrtsd | sqrtss |
stc | std | sti | stmxcsr | stos |
stosb | stosd | stosw | str | sub |
subpd | subps | subsd | subss | sysenter |
sysexit | test | ucomisd | ucomiss | ud2 |
unpckhpd | unpckhps | unpcklpd | unpcklps | verr |
verw | wait | wbinvd | wrmsr | xadd |
xchg | xlat | xlatb | xor | xorpd |
xorps |
pavgusb | pf2id | pfacc | pfadd | pfcmpeq |
pfcmpge | pfcmpgt | pfmax | pfmin | pfmul |
pfnacc | pfpnacc | pfrcp | pfrcpit1 | pfrcpit2 |
pfrsqit1 | pfrsqrt | pfsub | pfsubr | pi2fd |
pmulhrw | pswapd |